在建筑領(lǐng)域，抹面砂漿作為建筑物表面的重要防護(hù)層，不僅承擔(dān)著美化外觀的功能，更對(duì)建筑物起到保護(hù)作用，抵御外界環(huán)境因素的侵蝕。然而，隨著時(shí)間推移，抹面砂漿會(huì)受到多種因素影響而老化，其性能下降可能導(dǎo)致墻面開裂、剝落等問(wèn)題，嚴(yán)重影響建筑物的安全性與耐久性。因此，深入研究抹面砂漿的抗老化性能，探索有效的提升策略，具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

　　In the field of architecture, plastering mortar serves as an important protective layer on the surface of buildings. It not only beautifies the appearance, but also protects the building from external environmental factors. However, over time, the plastering mortar will be affected by various factors and age, and its performance may decline, leading to problems such as wall cracking and peeling, seriously affecting the safety and durability of buildings. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to deeply study the anti-aging performance of plastering mortar and explore effective promotion strategies.

　　一、影響抹面砂漿老化的因素

　　1、 Factors affecting the aging of plastering mortar

　　（一）物理因素

　　（1） Physical factors

　　溫度和濕度的劇烈變化是導(dǎo)致抹面砂漿老化的重要物理因素。在晝夜溫差大的地區(qū)，砂漿表面與內(nèi)部因熱脹冷縮程度不同，會(huì)產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力，反復(fù)作用下，砂漿內(nèi)部會(huì)逐漸出現(xiàn)微裂縫。而長(zhǎng)期處于潮濕環(huán)境中，水分的侵入會(huì)使砂漿中的可溶性鹽類溶解、遷移，水分蒸發(fā)后，鹽類結(jié)晶膨脹，同樣會(huì)破壞砂漿結(jié)構(gòu)。此外，風(fēng)沙等顆粒的機(jī)械磨損，也會(huì)逐漸削弱抹面砂漿的表面強(qiáng)度，加速其老化進(jìn)程。

　　The drastic changes in temperature and humidity are important physical factors leading to the aging of plastering mortar. In areas with large temperature differences between day and night, the surface and interior of mortar will experience different degrees of thermal expansion and contraction, resulting in stress. Under repeated action, micro cracks will gradually appear inside the mortar. However, prolonged exposure to a humid environment can cause the soluble salts in the mortar to dissolve and migrate. After the water evaporates, the salt crystals expand, which can also damage the structure of the mortar. In addition, the mechanical wear of particles such as sandstorms will gradually weaken the surface strength of the mortar and accelerate its aging process.

　　（二）化學(xué)因素

　　（2） Chemical factors

　　空氣中的二氧化碳會(huì)與抹面砂漿中的氫氧化鈣發(fā)生碳化反應(yīng)，生成碳酸鈣。這一過(guò)程會(huì)使砂漿的堿度降低，減弱其對(duì)鋼筋的保護(hù)作用，同時(shí)導(dǎo)致砂漿收縮，產(chǎn)生裂縫。酸雨、工業(yè)廢氣中的酸性物質(zhì)，如二氧化硫、氮氧化物等，與砂漿中的成分發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，腐蝕砂漿結(jié)構(gòu)，降低其強(qiáng)度和粘結(jié)性能。此外，海水中的氯離子若滲透到抹面砂漿中，會(huì)對(duì)鋼筋造成銹蝕，進(jìn)而影響整個(gè)砂漿體系的穩(wěn)定性。

　　The carbon dioxide in the air will undergo carbonation reaction with the calcium hydroxide in the plastering mortar, generating calcium carbonate. This process will reduce the alkalinity of the mortar, weaken its protective effect on the steel bars, and cause the mortar to shrink, resulting in cracks. Acid rain and acidic substances in industrial waste gas, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, react chemically with the components in mortar, corroding its structure and reducing its strength and bonding performance. In addition, if chloride ions in seawater penetrate into the plastering mortar, it will cause corrosion to the steel bars, thereby affecting the stability of the entire mortar system.

　　（三）生物因素

　　（3） Biological factors

　　在適宜的溫濕度條件下，藻類、苔蘚等生物會(huì)在抹面砂漿表面生長(zhǎng)。它們的根系會(huì)深入砂漿孔隙，造成機(jī)械破壞，同時(shí)其代謝產(chǎn)物的酸性物質(zhì)也會(huì)對(duì)砂漿產(chǎn)生化學(xué)侵蝕。微生物的滋生還會(huì)導(dǎo)致砂漿表面顏色改變，影響建筑物外觀，并且加速砂漿的老化速度。

　　Under suitable temperature and humidity conditions, organisms such as algae and moss will grow on the surface of the plaster mortar. Their roots will penetrate into the pores of the mortar, causing mechanical damage, and the acidic substances produced by their metabolites will also chemically corrode the mortar. The growth of microorganisms can also cause color changes on the surface of mortar, affect the appearance of buildings, and accelerate the aging rate of mortar.

　　二、抹面砂漿抗老化性能的測(cè)試方法

　　2、 Test method for aging resistance of plastering mortar

　　（一）加速老化試驗(yàn)

　　（1） Accelerated aging test

　　通過(guò)模擬惡劣的環(huán)境條件，如高溫高濕、凍融循環(huán)、酸堿侵蝕等，在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)加速抹面砂漿的老化過(guò)程，從而評(píng)估其抗老化性能。例如，凍融循環(huán)試驗(yàn)中，將砂漿試件置于低溫環(huán)境下冷凍，再放入常溫水中融化，反復(fù)多次后，觀察試件的質(zhì)量損失、強(qiáng)度變化和外觀損傷情況，以此判斷砂漿抵抗凍融破壞的能力。

　　By simulating adverse environmental conditions, such as high temperature and humidity, freeze-thaw cycle, acid and alkali erosion, the aging process of plaster mortar can be accelerated in a short time, so as to evaluate its anti-aging performance. For example, in the freeze-thaw cycle test, the mortar specimen is placed in a low-temperature environment and then melted in room temperature water. After repeated cycles, the quality loss, strength changes, and appearance damage of the specimen are observed to determine the ability of the mortar to resist freeze-thaw damage.

　　長(zhǎng)期暴露試驗(yàn)

　　Long term exposure test

　　將抹面砂漿試件放置在實(shí)際的自然環(huán)境中，經(jīng)過(guò)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的暴露，定期檢測(cè)其各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo)，如抗壓強(qiáng)度、抗折強(qiáng)度、粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度、孔隙率等，直觀地了解砂漿在自然條件下的老化規(guī)律和性能變化趨勢(shì)。這種方法雖然耗時(shí)較長(zhǎng)，但測(cè)試結(jié)果更貼近實(shí)際使用情況。

　　Place the plaster mortar specimens in the actual natural environment, expose them for a long time, and regularly test their various performance indicators, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, bond strength, porosity, etc., to intuitively understand the aging law and performance change trend of mortar under natural conditions. Although this method takes a longer time, the test results are closer to actual usage.

　　微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析

　　Microstructure analysis

　　運(yùn)用掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）、X 射線衍射儀（XRD）等先進(jìn)儀器，對(duì)老化前后的抹面砂漿進(jìn)行微觀結(jié)構(gòu)觀察和成分分析。SEM 可以清晰地展示砂漿內(nèi)部的孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)、裂縫發(fā)展情況以及水化產(chǎn)物的形態(tài)變化；XRD 則能夠分析砂漿中礦物成分的變化，從而深入探究老化過(guò)程的機(jī)理，為提升砂漿抗老化性能提供理論依據(jù)。

　　Advanced instruments such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to observe the microstructure and analyze the composition of the plaster mortar before and after aging. SEM can clearly display the pore structure, crack development, and morphological changes of hydration products inside the mortar; XRD can analyze the change of mineral composition in mortar, so as to deeply explore the mechanism of aging process and provide theoretical basis for improving the anti-aging performance of mortar.

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